Its Bearing on the Joseph Story. The Tyndale House

Bulletin 2:1–2.1962 Zaphenath-Paneah. P. 1353 in The New Bible Dictionary, ed. J.D. Douglas. London: InterVarsity.1975 Ramesside Inscriptions 1. Oxford, England: Blackwell.1979 The Family of Urhiya and Yupa, High Stewards of the Ramesseum: Part II, The Family Relationship. Pp. 71–74 in Glimpses of Ancient Egypt, Studies in Honour of H.W. Fairman, eds. J. Ruffle, G.A. Gaballa and K.A. Kitchen. Warminster, England: Aris & Phillips. 1980 Zaphenath-Paneah. P. 1673 in The Illustrated Bible Dictionary 3. Leicester, England: InterVarsity.1983 Pharaoh Triumphant, Life and Times of Ramesses II. Warminster, England: Aris & Phillips.1986 Third Intermediate Period in Egypt 1100–650 BC, second ed. Warminster, England: Aris & Phillips.1990 Early Canaanites in Rio de Janeiro and a ‘Corrupt’ Ramesside Land-Sale. Pp. 635–45 in Studies in Egyptology Presented to Miriam Lichtheim 2, ed. S. Israelit-Groll. Jerusalem: Magnes.1991 Non-Egyptians Recorded on Middle-Kingdom Stelae in Rio de Janeiro. Pp. 87–90 in Middle Kingdom Studies, ed. S. Quirke. New Maiden, England: SIA.1993 Ramesside Inscriptions, Translations, 1. Oxford, England: Blackwell. 1993/1994 Ramesside Inscriptions, Notes and Comments, 1. Oxford: Blackwell. Forthcoming a Ramesside Inscriptions, Translations, 7.Forthcoming b Ramesside Inscriptions, Notes and Comments, 7.Kitchen, K.A., and Beltrão, M. de C.1991 Catalogue of the Egyptian Collection in the National Museum, Rio de Janeiro, 2 vols. Warminster, England: Aris & Phillips.Lacau, P.1906 Sarcophages antérieurs au Nouvel Empire 2. Cairo: Service des Antiquités.Leibovitch, J.1943 Une amulette égyptienne au nom de Putiphar. Annales du Service des Antiquités de l’Egypte 43:87–90.Lowle, D.A.1976 A Remarkable Family of Draughtesmen-Painters from Early Nineteenth-Dynasty Thebes. Oriens Antiquus 15:91–106 + figs 1–2, pls. I-II.Malek, J.1979 Topographical Bibliography2, 3/2.2. Oxford, England: Griffith Institute.Malek, J, and Quirke, S.1992 Memphis, 1991: Epigraphy. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 78:13–18.Martin, G.T.1971 Egyptian Administrative and Private-Name Seals. Oxford, England: Griffith Institute.Meek, T.J.1969 The Code of Hammurabi. Pp. 163–80 in Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, third ed., ed. J.B. Pritchard. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.Meissner, B.1920 Babylonien und Assyrien 1. Heidelberg: Winter.1936 Warenpreise in Babylonien. Berlin: de Gruyter.Mendelsohn, I.1949 Slavery in the Ancient Near East. New York: Oxford University Press.Mieroop, M. van de1987 The Archive of Balmunamhe. Archiv für Orientforschung 34:1–29.Posener, G.1957 Les Asiatiques en Égypte sous les XIIe et XIIIe dynasties. Syria 34:145–63.Ranke, H.1910 Keilschriftliche Materialien zur altägyptischen Vokalisation. Berlin: Reimer.1935 Agyptische Personennamen 1. Hamburg: Augustin.Ruffle, J.1979 The Family of Urhiya and Yupa, High Stewards of the Ramesseum: Part I, The Monuments. Pp. 55–70 in Glimpses of Ancient Egypt, Studies in Honour of H. W. Fairman, eds. J. Ruffle, G.A. Gaballa and K.A. Kitchen. Warminster, England: Aris & Phillips.Schulman, A.R.1975 On the Egyptian Name of Joseph: A New Approach. Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur 2:235–43.Sethe, K.1899 Das ägyptische Verbum 1. Leipzig: Hinrichs.Spiegelberg, W.1896 Rechnungen aus der Zeit Setis 1. Strasburg: Trübner.1904 Aegyptologische Randglossen zum Alien Testament. Strasburg: Schlesier & Schweikhardt.Steindorff, G.1889 Der Name Josephs Sapheneat-Pa’neach: Genesis Kapitel 41, 45. Zeitschrift für Aegyptische Sprache 27:41–42.1892 Weiteres zu Genesis 41, 45. Zeitschrift für Aegyptische Sprache 30:50–52.Vergote, J.1959 Joseph en Egypte. Louvain, Publications Universitaires.Ward, W.A.1982 Index of Egyptian Administrative and Religious Titles of The Middle Kingdom. Beirut: American University of Beirut.Please help ABR continue to post these freearticles by making a donation of any size today. Donate



The Manger and the Inn
This article was reproduced in theFall 2007 issue of Bible and Spade. Why would Joseph, “of the lineage of David,” in the city of his family’s origin have to seek shelter in an inn and be turned out into a stable? Recently this question was put to me here in Beirut. This paper presents an answer. In this brief study I will attempt to demonstrate that Jesus was born in a private home and that the “inn” of Luke 2:7 is best understood as the guest room of the family in whose house the birth took place. Recent studies have primarily focused on Luke’s theological interests.1 The concern here is the Palestinian cultural background of verses 6–7 which we understand to be traditional material. Indeed, a more precise analysis of that background is critical for both a clearer understanding of the original tradition as well as any interpretation of its use within the Lucan framework. The Palestinian background of the entire text (vv. 1–7) is clear and strong. Five striking Middle Eastern details mark the passage. First, the author reflects an accurate knowledge of Palestinian geography when he has the Holy Family “go up” from Nazareth to Bethlehem. Second, the custom of “swaddling” infants is a Palestinian village custom, which is observable as early as Ezekiel 16:4 and is still practiced today. Third, the extended family of David is referred to in the oriental fashion as a “house.” This is then amplified for the non-Middle Eastern reader with the fuller phrase, “house and lineage of David.” Fourth, a Davidic Christology informs the text. Finally, Bethlehem is given two names, “city of David” (which presupposes some knowledge of Old Testament history), and “Bethlehem.” Given the Palestinian nature of the material, we will attempt to examine the Middle Eastern cultural background of the story with care. The cultural assumptions of this text are particularly critical because the story comes to us through a long Church tradition. Most modern versions of that story follow a familiar pattern. The Holy Family arrives late in the night. The local inn has its “no vacancy” sign clearly displayed. The tired couple seeks alternatives and finds none. With no other option, wearied from their journey and desperate for any shelter because of the imminent delivery, they spend the night in a stable where the child is born. But the cornerstone of this popular pageantry is flatly denied in the text of Luke. Popular tradition affirms that the child was born the night the family arrived. But in 2:4 we are told that Mary and Joseph “went up” to Bethlehem. The verse assumes their arrival. Then in verse six we are told, “And while they were there, the days were fulfilled for her to be delivered.” Thus the text affirms a time lapse between the arrival in Bethlehem and the birth of Jesus. Mary “fulfilled her days” in Bethlehem.2 We can easily assume a few weeks have passed, perhaps even a language software

1220 BC, arguing that “[t]he Yadin date of 1230 BC (Mycenaean wares near [the] end of Hazor) was based on [the work of Arne] Furumark (in [the]

ible (Douglas Petrovich, “Amenhotep II and the Historicity of the Exodus Pharaoh,” The Master’s Seminary Journal 17:1 [Spr 2006], 87). The low chronology’s current popularity among many Egyptologists may prove to be nothing more than a mere trend.9. Sharon Zuckerman, “Anatomy of a Destruction: Crisis Architecture, Termination Rituals and the Fall of Canaanite Hazor” Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 20:1 (June 2007), 24.10. Amnon Ben-Tor, “The Fall of Canaanite Hazor—the ‘Who’ and ‘When’ Questions,” in Mediterranean Peoples in Transition (eds. Seymour Gitin, Amihai Mazar, and Ephraim Stern; Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1998), 465.11. Zuckerman, “Anatomy of a Destruction,” 24.12. Yadin, “Hazor,” in New Encyclopedia, 603; Amnon Ben-Tor and Maria Teresa Rubiato, “Excavating Hazor—Part Two: Did the Israelites Destroy the Canaanite City?” BAR 25:3 (May/June 1999), 22–39.13. Kitchen, “Hazor and Egypt,” 313.14. Yadin, “Hazor,” in New Encyclopedia, 603.15. Sharon Zuckerman, “Where is the Hazor Archive Buried?,” BAR 32:2 (Mar/Apr 2006), 37. Unlike the description in Joshua 11, the text of Judges 4 does not state that the Israelites burned—or even destroyed—Hazor, so neither Ben-Tor’s theory (Israelite destruction) nor Zuckerman’s theory (internal revolt) is at odds with the text, per se, if these two Israelite initiatives against Hazor were not one and the same event. However, certainly the burden of proof is upon Zuckerman to overturn the mound of evidence produced by Ben-Tor, which seems to make evident what the account in Judges 4 alludes to, though does not state explicitly. The fate of Hazor in the narrative of Judges 4 will be discussed in greater detail subsequently.16. Zuckerman, “Anatomy of a Destruction,” 25. Obviously one great weakness in Zuckerman’s dismissal of the conquest theory is that her argument is one derived completely from silence. It must be noted that only a minute fraction of Tel Hazor has been excavated, and thus the possibility of a mass-burial site cannot be overlooked, as well as that of skeletal remains existing only in areas as yet unexcavated. In a personal conversation between the present writer and Ben-Tor, the chief excavator ventured that 600 years would be needed to excavate the entire site. Moreover, clearly not all of Israel’s victories over Canaanite cities, which battles actually were fought by the divine “captain of the army of Yahweh” (Josh 5:14–15) both in the days of Joshua and well beyond, were won by conventional weaponry or included a direct, human assault on the city’s fortified defenses (e.g. Jericho [Josh 6], Ai [Josh 8], earlier Hazor [Josh 11], Bethel [Judg 1:23–25], and Jerusalem [2 Sam 5:6–9]). Thus Zuckerman’s expectation to find remnants of weapons allegedly used if the Israelites truly were the destroyers of Hazor, and to find them in the site’s scant few excavated areas, is presuppositionally flawed. Zuckerman also fails to explain why the lower class(es) would initiate an internal revolt that would lead to the irreparable devastation of their native city, which would have to be the case since Hazor was left uninhabited until the 11th century BC, forcing the revolters to evacuate and resettle in other cities throughout the Hula Valley such as Tel-Dan, as Zuckerman suggests. What motive could be strong enough to incite such a peasants’ revolt that would lead to complete, personal disenfranchisement?17. Hoffmeier, “What Is the Biblical Date?,” 245.18. Wood, “Rise and Fall,” 477.19. Hoffmeier, “What Is the Biblical Date?,” 244.20. In Amarna Letter (EA) 227, the ruler of Hazor, while writing to the Egyptian pharaoh, refers to himself as the “king of the city of Hazor,” a case unparalleled in all of the correspondence of the Canaanite cities mentioned in the el-Amarna archive. Furthermore, in EA 148, he is referred to the same way by the ruler of Tyre. Unfortunately, EA 227 is rather fragmentary, but in it the king of Hazor reassures pharaoh that he is safeguarding the cities of pharaoh until the Egyptian king’s arrival (The Amarna Letters, ed. William L. Moran [Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992], 289, 235). As Yadin writes, “This indicates no doubt that the King of Hazor’s rule embraced more than the city itself,” which “is further corroborated by the letters of the rulers of Tyre and Ashtaroth” (Yadin, The Head, 8). It should be no surprise that in Judges 4, Jabin is referred to four times as the “king of Canaan,” while only once is he called the “king of Hazor.” In fact, he is called the “king of Canaan, who ruled in Hazor” (Judg 4:2).21. Keil and Delitzsch seem to agree, writing that the purpose of Joshua is to show how the faithful covenant-God of Israel fulfilled the promise that he made to the patriarchs, and how the Canaanites were destroyed and their land was given to the tribes of Israel for a hereditary possession through the medium of Joshua (C. F. Keil and F. Delitzsch, “Joshua,” in Commentary of the Old Testament, vol. 2 [Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1989], 15).22. Wood, “The Biblical Date: 1446,” 256.23. Yigael Yadin, Hazor: The Rediscovery of a Great Citadel of the Bible (New York: Random House, 1975), 255. Elsewhere, the former chief excavator at Hazor notes that the destruction of the final Canaanite city undoubtedly is the one “related in the Book of Joshua” (Yadin, “Hazor,” in New Encyclopedia, 603).24. Zuckerman, “Anatomy of a Destruction,” 25.25. Rodger C. Young, “When Did Solomon Die? ” JETS 46:4 (Dec 2003), 601, 602. For a development of the argument that the jubilee cycles support a date of 1446 BC for the exodus, see idem, “The Talmud’s Two Jubilees and their Relevance to the Date of the Exodus,” WTJ 68 (2006) 71–83; idem, “Ezekiel 40:1 As a Corrective for Seven



Wrong Ideas in Biblical Interpretation
Three Verifications of Thiele’s Date for the Beginning of the Divided Kingdom,” AUSS 45 (2007) 173–179.26. Petrovich, “Amenhotep II”, 84, footnote 15. This article evaluates the candidacy of Amenhotep II as the exodus-pharaoh by examining this pharaoh’s biography against what must be true of the exodus-pharaoh historically. The conclusion drawn is that Amenhotep II is the only pharaoh of either the 18th or 19th Dynasty who sufficiently meets the necessary biographical requirements. To date, no late-exodus advocate has attempted to challenge the evidence that was presented, or the conclusion that was drawn.27. The commencement of the conquest can be dated exactly. With the exodus datable to 1446 BC, the conquest automatically is dated to 1406 BC, because for “40 years the sons of Israel walked in the wilderness” before entering Canaan (Josh 5:6). Since the crossing of the Jordan River transpired on the 10th day of the first month, a date of 28 April 1406 BC is filanguage learning

“Searching for Paul’s Shipwreck on Malta”

A Critique of the 700 Club’s February 26, 2010 Program
内容: Tags: munxar reef, bob cornuke, shipwreck, malta, acts 27, 700 club--> On Friday morning, February 26, 2010, on CBN’s 700 Club program, Chuck Holton submitted a report about a man who believes he found an “amazing Biblical discovery” on Malta. This nine-minute video segment featured Robert Cornuke presenting his theory about the location of the Apostle Paul’s shipwreck on the island of Malta.http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/world/2010/February/Searching-for-Pauls-Shipwreck-on-Malta/Cornuke, in his persona as a “former Los Angeles crime scene investigator,” approached the account of the shipwreck of Paul in Acts 27 and 28 as a “crime scene.” As he read the Biblical text, he concluded there were four “clues” that needed to be found in order to solve the “crime.” He identified these as: (1) a bay with a beach; (2) a reef or sandbar where “two seas meet”; (3) a seafloor with a depth of 90 feet; and (4) a place the sailors would not have recognized. Cornuke concludes that the shipwreck occurred on the eastern shore of Malta, not on the northern side of the island as most scholars believe.Conuke’s theory and investigations, as presented in this news segment, were already set forth in his 2003 book entitled, The Lost Shipwreck of Paul (Bend, OR: Global Publishing Service). In the book, his view is that the Alexandrian grain ship containing the Apostle Paul and Dr. Luke was shipwrecked on the Munxar Reef on the island’s eastern end. Cornuke claims to have located, from among the local spear fishermen and divers, six anchor stocks which could have been from this shipwreck (cf. Acts 27:29, 40), four of which were located on the east side of the Munxar Reef in fifteen fathoms, or ninety feet of water (cf. Acts 27:28). He identifies the “place where two seas meet” (cf. Acts 27:41) as the Munxar Reef and the “bay with the beach” as St. Thomas Bay (cf. Acts 27:39). He concluded that neither the sea captain nor his crew would have recognized the eastern shoreline of the Maltese coast when it became light on the morning after they dropped anchor (cf. Acts 27:39). Unfortunately, Cornuke’s theory simply does not hold water.Experts and Computer ModelsCornuke consulted Graham Hutt, an expert on Mediterranean storms, and Hutt concluded that the ship would have been driven by the winds to the southeast quadrant of the island, and that the more likely place of the shipwreck was the Bay of St. Thomas.In the book, Cornuke described a visit to the Rescue Coordination Center of the Armed Forces of Malta (2003:184-193). Here he watched a computer model that plotted the possible course of a ship caught in a windstorm from Crete to Malta. The ship landed, after 14 days in a severe windstorm, in the St. Thomas Bay!The limitations of storm experts and computer models were well illustrated by the recent Nor’easter that hit the Northeast United States on Feb. 25-26, 2010. The storm was a prime example of what computer models and meteorologists could not predict. The meteorologists on television said that this “monster storm” defied all the computer models and did not behave as any of the meteorologists predicted it should!Bay with a beachThe beach in the St. Thomas Bay was identified as the “bay with the beach.” The earliest maps of Malta show that the Munxar Reef, at one time, was actually a series of small islands. Possibly in the first century AD, this location would have been a lengthy peninsula that has now eroded away. If that is the case, the sea captain, in all probability, would not have been able to see the low-lying beach of St. Thomas Bay from the area where the four anchor stocks were found and almost certainly, he would not have dared to sail his ship through the dangerous islands or peninsula to reach the beach! Thus, the Bay of St. Thomas could not be the beach that the captain saw or where the sailors and passengers swam to.Reef or Sandbar where the “two seas meet”Several times in the news segment the Munxar Reef is described as a “sandbar.” A careful examination of a geological map would have identified the reef as being made of “Middle Globigerina Limestone.” This soft limestone is rock not a sandbar.The identification of the “two seas meet” is based on two Greek words, “topos dithalasson”, that are translated different ways in different translations. Professor Mario Buhagiar, of the University of Malta, cautions that this term does not offer any real help because it can have several meanings and the way it is used in Acts 27:41, does not facilitate an interpretation. A place where two seas meet (Authorized and Revised versions) and a cross sea (Knox Version) are the normally accepted translations but any beach off a headland (Liddell and Scott) or an isthmus whose extremity is covered by the waves (Grimms and Thayer), as indeed most water channels, can qualify as the place where the boat grounded. The truth is that the Acts do not give us sufficient clues to help in the identification of the site (see link at bottom for full bibliography).Anchors at 90 feetMr. Cornuke interviewed people, primarily divers and spear fishermen, who claimed to have located four anchors on the south side of the Munxar Reef at 15 fathoms, or 90 feet of water. Two other anchors were allegedly found near the Munxar Reef in 10 meters (ca. 33 feet) of water. Cornuke implied in his book that these two anchors were the ones put in the skiff when the sailors tried to escape (Acts 27:30). These interviews are the author’s primary evidence for Paul’s shipwreck.Unfortunately only two actual anchor stocks can be examined. They are on display on the second floor of the Malta Maritime Museum in Vittoriosa. The other four, however, are not available for scholarly consideration. One of the anchor stocks was melted down, another is in a private collection, and two were allegedly sold on the antiquities market.Unfortunately the video clip of the anchors in the Malta Maritime Museum is very misleading. It shows 6 or 7 anchors on display, but only two are from the Munxar Reef. One of them, called “Tony’s anchor,” was one of the smallest of those on display. It measured about 3 feet, 8 inches in length and would be too small for the stern of an Alexandrian grain ship.On the other hand, Professor Mario Buhagiar examined the other anchor and gave a cautious analysis, “It could have belonged to a cargo ship, possibly a grain cargo ship, and possibly one from Alexandria” (2003: 183). He went on to conjecture, “This anchor stock would fit very well within the era of St. Paul” (2003: 184). Although this anchor could have been from an Alexandrian grain ship, suggesting that it was from Paul’s shipwreck certainly goes beyond the available evidence.Did not recognize the landIn the 1st century AD, the island of Malta was, in essence, the “Turn Right to Sicily” sign in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea. Malta was the landmark for sailors sailing west from Crete who were about to turn north to Sicily.

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Tall el-Hammam 2008: A Personal Perspective

Tags: sodom, gomorrah, tall el-hammam--> In January 2009, we will be back in the field for our fourth season of excavating at Tall el-Hammam1, Jordan.Situated seven miles north of the Dead Seaand nine miles east of the Jordan River, it is the largest site in the southern Jordan River Valley.Surface surveys and archaeological excavations suggest that activity at the site began with the earliest Biblical references to the region and continued intermittently right through New Testament times.Tall el-Hammam is rich with remains from almost every period.While I will have more to tell after we return and have an opportunity to analyze our finds from this season, as I leave for Jordan I wanted to share what we presently know about the site down through history, especially as it relates to the Bible. One of the most important things that happenedduring the 2008 digseason was the completion of a joint agreement with the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.While we already have an excavation permit from the Kingdom’s Department of Antiquities (DoA), we now have officially entered into a whole new level of relationship with the department.The Tall el-Hammam Excavation Project (TeHEP) is now a cooperative effort between the College of Archaeology, Trinity Southwest University and the Department of Antiquities of Jordan.This partnership allows for our excavation team to work hand-in-hand with our Jordanian counterparts both in the field during the excavation season as well as in the research lab the rest of the year.Their expertise will provide great insight and support to our research. Map of the southern Jordan River Valley, the area known as the kikkar (“the plain of the Jordan” – Gn 13:10) in the Hebrew Bible.Tall el-Hammam is number 8 on the map, a site which many scholars have suggested was Abel Shittim in the time of Moses and the TeHEP thesis is that the site might have been Sodom in Abraham’s time).Note that the sites on the east side are a good distance from the Jordan River and close to the Jordan mountain range, east of the Jordan River Valley – suggesting a river flooding problem and the ancient roadway circling wide along the edge of eastern mountains.It would have been from these mountains that Balaam looked down on the Israelites and tried to curse them (Nu 22-24) and it was to these mountains that Moses ascended up to Mount Nebo and died (Dt 34). Credit: Trinity Southwest Seminary The Early Bronze Age: Tall el-Hammam and the Table of NationsThe earliest city was centered on the lower tall (tel in Hebrew [Jos 11:13] and tell or tall in Arabic; an artificial mound created by the building, destruction and rebuilding of cities at the same location) and pottery we collected here suggests that occupation goes back well before 3,000 BC. It appears the site was continuously occupied from the Chalcolithic Period through the Middle Bronze Age. The working hypothesis of the Tall el-Hammam Excavation Project is that our site is the best candidate for the Biblical city of Sodom.That would make the lower tall the city mentioned in Genesis 10 (the Table of Nations).This chapter describes the post-Flood population as it spread throughout the ancient Near East, listing a number of cities by name.It says that descendants of Ham built four cities in ancient southern Mesopotamia (Babel, Erech, Accad and Calneh), four cities in northern Mesopotamia (Nineveh, Rehoboth, Calah and Resen), three cities on the western border of Canaan (Sidon, Gerar, Gaza), and five cities on Canaan’s eastern border (Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, Zeboim and Lasha). Scholars generally believe the Bible locates Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah and Zeboim (called cities of the plain/kikkar of the Jordan – Gn 13:10) on the eastern side of the Jordan River and Dead Sea. That would also locate the eastern border of Canaan and the Canaanite culture there (Gn 19:10).While rivers regularly served as ancient national borders, the Jordan River appears not to have been the eastern boundary of Canaanite culture throughout many of the Biblical periods.Apparently an even greater boundary in the area was the high Jordanian mountains.Getting up and down those mountain slopes was even more difficult than fording the Jordan River. Similarities in the archaeological evidence from both sides of the Jordan River Valley support such a cultural boundary.Pottery from the Early Bronze Age at Tall el-Hammam connects most closely to pottery at early sites west of the Jordan River. Consequently, our lower tall would represent the Sodom whose wickedness brought God’s judgment by the time of Abraham (Gn 13:13; 18:20).Based on architectural and ceramic evidence we found this season, it appears this oldest city was actually twice as large as we thought before the season began.The lower tall (over 40 acres) was surrounded by a four-meter wide city wall with towers.A continuation of the wall’s stone foundation was traced this year around the base of the upper tall (another 40 acres) as well.That would make Early Bronze Age Tall el-Hammam about a kilometer long from east to west, with a circumference of three to four kilometers – one of the largest cities at that time in all the ancient Near East. Whole storage jar from 8th-7th centuries BC, found just a foot below the modern surface of the tall.It came from the remains of a typical house of that time period. In connection with this Early Bronze city at Tall el-Hammam, and about 200 yards east of the site, is a massive dolmen field on the edge of the foothills.Dolmens are ancient miniature “Stonehenge”-type structures.Each one was constructed with upright megalithic stones serving as the four walls and flat top, 7 x 7 x 7 feet on average.While scholars are not really certain how they were used, the lack of both pottery and bones seems to suggest they were neither houses nor tombs.Instead, they may have served a cultic or ceremonial purpose, each one possibly representing an extended family.Dating as far back as the beginning of the Early Bronze Age (3000 BC), they may have served as a sort of family shrine or funerary monument for the departed. Called the Ar Rawda Dolmen Field, with over 100 extant dolmens, the area is being threatened by development.So, TeHEP is fortunate to have a couple of contemporary studies being done on this dolmen field connected to our site.An international project is conducting an ongoing spatial analysis of the dolmen field while a comprehensive survey to identify and record all the dolmens in the area has been undertaken by Hussein al-Jarrah on behalf of the Jordanian Department of Antiquities.Hussein is also the DoA director of the region where Tall el-Hammam is located, and he works side by side with us when we are excavating as a member of the TeHEP staff. The Middle Bronze Age: Tall el-Hammam in the Days of Abraham and LotThe Middle Bronze Age city, destroyed by fire, was centered on the 40-acre upper tall.In fact, the shape of the tall today is due to the construction of a mudbrick rampart which may extend from the top of the tall and down the slope all the way to that Early Bronze Age city wall at its base.On the upper tall we had already identified the rampart beneath Iron Age city structures in a number of squares.Its construction would have been a massive undertaking and evidence of both a strong government and a prosperous community. Last season we were also able to trace the Middle Bronze Age stone city wall and a couple of towers around much of the western end of the lower tall.That, along with ceramic evidence in the lower city, suggests the Middle Bronze Age city also extended over that area as well.We will need to excavate in the lower tall to clarify these things; but either way, the massive rampart makes it clear that the central city at that time was focused on the upper tall. Down twelve feet from the modern surface of Tall el-Hammam, the excavators reached a Middle Bronze Age house in a destruction layer, beneath 10 feet of Iron Age strata.Steven Collins, Director of the Tall el-Hammam Excavation Project (TeHEP), is in the foreground left, the author is in the rear on the right. On the upper tall a number of mudbrick walls have been found still partially standing,

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10 Mar 11 Collection Appeal Rights

Collection Appeal RightsBy: Sawyer Adams .... Click author's name to view profile and articles!!!Retargeting by ChangoTweet As a taxpayer, you are entitled to know what Collection Appeal Rights you have with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). There are some procedures with the help of which you can appeal against IRS collections action. The two main procedures you can use to contest collections initiated by the IRS are:Collection Due Process (CDP): You are entitled to initiate a CDP procedure if you receive one of the following notices: * Notice of Federal Tax Lien filing and your Right to Hearing under IRC 6320 * Final notice of your Intent to Levy and notice of your Right to Hearing * Notice of Jeopardy Levy and Right of Appeal * Notice of Levy on your State Tax refundCollection Appeals Program (CAP): You are entitled to initiate a CAP procedure for the following actions: * Before or after the IRS files a Notice of Federal Tax Lien * Before or after the IRS levies or seizes your assets * Termination of an Installment Agreement (IA) * Rejection of an Installment AgreementYou may represent yourself or enlist the of an Attorney, CPA or Enrolled Agent at the CDP, CAP and other Appeals proceedings. If you want a representative to appear on your behalf, you must file Form 2848 - "Power of Attorney and Declaration of Representative." You may also authorize an individual, Attorney, CPA or Enrolled Agent to receive or inspect confidential material but not represent you before the IRS, by filing Form 8821 - "Tax Information Authorization."How to Request a CDPYou must fill out Form 12153 - "Request for a Collection Due Process or Equivalent Hearing" and send it to the address displayed on your levy or lien notice. If you have received both a lien and a levy notice, you may appeal against both actions by checking the boxes in line 5 on the form. You must also identify the alternatives to the lien or levy action. Possible alternatives may include: * An Installment Agreement, Offer in promise or Currently Not Collectible Status * Discharge of lien * Withdrawal of Notice of Federal Tax LienAfter you request a CDP hearing, your case will be forwarded to Appeals. Appeals will schedule a conference with you in person, on the telephone or by written munication. Unless the IRS believes that the collection of taxes is in jeopardy, you are not subject to any levy action during the 30 days after the levy action or the CDP hearing. If you make a timely request for a CDP hearing, the 10-year period that the IRS has to collect the taxes will be suspended, until you request to withdraw your hearing in writing or the hearing is pleted.How to Appeal against the Termination of an Installment AgreementCall the person or entity whose telephone number was mentioned on the termination notice, and explain that you want to appeal against the termination. Your appeal need not be in writing, unless the notice is sent by a Revenue Officer, in which case you need to request for an appeal using Form 9423. You will have 76 days from the day of the notice to file your appeal. Unless you appeal within 30 days from the date of the notice, the installment agreement will terminate automatically on the 46th day. After the 46th day, your right to appeal will continue for 30 more days. Your request for an appeal must be made on or before the 76th day after the date of the notice of intent to terminate the installment agreement. You are entitled to file only a solitary appeal within the 76 day period.How to Appeal against the Rejection of an Installment AgreementCall the person or entity whose telephone number was shown on the termination notice, and explain that you want to appeal against the termination. Your appeal need not be in writing, unless the notice is sent by a Revenue Officer, in which case you need to request for an appeal using Form 9423. You must appeal against the rejection of your installment agreement on or before the 30th day after the date of the notice of rejection.You can also appeal against other collection actions like the rejection of Offer in promise, Trust Fund recovery penalties, and denial of request to suspend penalties.Enrolled AgentsWould you like to bee an Enrolled Agent? To bee an Enrolled Agent an individual must pass the Special Enrollment Examination, also referred to as the EA Exam. The Special Enrollment Examination is a three-part exam administered by the IRS. The exam covers all areas of tax preparation including IRS Circular 230.Before taking the Special Enrollment Examination you should prepare by getting an Enrolled Agent study guide or taking an Enrolled Agent review course.Article Source: abcarticledirectoryFast Forward Academy is a leading publisher of education for enrolled agents and tax professionals. Access to free questions for the enrolled agent exam is available on their website.Note: The content of this article solely conveys the opinion of its author, Sawyer AdamsRetargeting by ChangoDid You Like This Article? Share It With YourFriends!Please Rate this Article 5 out of 54 out of 53 out of 52 out of 51 out of 5 Not yet Rated Click the XML Icon to Receive Free Articles About Auditing via RSS!Additional Articles From - Home Accounting AuditingWhat you need to know about Auditing from the experts.- By : john newportCulture and business proposition- By : foxhatsNavigating Miscellaneous Itemized Deductions- By : Sawyer AdamsAbout The National Association Of Enrolled Agents (NAEA)- By : Sawyer AdamsThe History Of Enrolled Agents- By : Sawyer AdamsThe Canon Sd780is Black Silver Gold Red - Very Nice Christmas Gift- By : ArticleSubmit AutoIRS Increasing Enforcement Activity- By : Sawyer AdamsDestination Military Surplus Products- By : Ali Khan5 Tips For Getting The Right Health Insurance For Your Needs- By : danica12 Quick Tips For Eye Shadow- By : Ali Khan Still Searching? Last Chance to find what you're looking for. Try using Bing Search!

5 Mar 11 Make Money Online with Affiliate Programs

Make Money Online with Affiliate ProgramsBy: cher k .... Click author's name to view profile and articles!!!Retargeting by ChangoTweet If you are interested in making some extra money to pay off creditors or earn enough income to replace your current job or career then the Internet is the place where aspiring entrepreneurs are turning. Unlike traditional businesses, a business on the Internet can be started with virtually no capital, with the exception of your website expense. You have to have a website if you want to do business on the Internet.If you do not have your Hockey Jersey
own product to advertise on your website, there are literally millions of affiliate programs on the Internet who do have products and will pay you commissions to sell their products from your website. You can choose to sell cell phones, or internet services, candles, furniture, or maybe insurance, the field is wide open. The affiliate program you choose will also handle all the money, shipping and correspondence with your customers. All you need to do is to generate the traffic to your new website in order to make the sale.Often times the affiliate program you join will offer you free websites and that is great, but you will never generate enough free traffic to these affiliate sites to succeed without having your own website. Why you ask? For one, the search engines do not list affiliate sites and you definitely want to get listed in the search engines, this will be your biggest free traffic source.One of the best ways to generate free traffic is to get involved in link exchanges. You will basically place a link to another site on your website and they will in turn place a link on their site to yours. Once you have exchanged several hundred links a portion of your link partners traffic will come to your site. The free websites you have been given via your affiliate program will not be able to be edited in anyway, thus link exchanges are not an option.Link exchanges produce a double bonus also. Not only will you get traffic from your link partners, the search engines will place you higher in their listings when they see lots of links pointing to your site.The Internet was created to provide information, so if you want to succeed on the Internet and generate lots of free traffic, you are going to have to provide information on your website. Offering free and useful information will keep your visitors coming back to your website, and the double bonus here is that the search engines love content. The more content your website has will produce better listings in the search engines.Once you have perfected this process of building a website, getting listed in the search engines and have Chicago Blackhawks jersey
developed a huge traffic stream to your website, your going to be making sales. It will start out slow and as you build links and content, the traffic will grow and so will your sales.Affiliate programs can be a great stepping stone to get your foot in the door towards cashing in on the riches that the Internet provides. You can know the secrets of affiliate marketing through various e-books and guides that help in affiliate marketing.As time goes by you will find that you have learned so much and have evolved into an Internet Guru and now it is time to take it one step farther, and start selling YOURSELF. Using the knowledge that you have gained, you may want to venture into selling your services to other entrepreneurs just getting started. You could start a consulting business, or you may offer to build websites, or to help your clients get listed in the search engines. You may want to start writing E-Books and selling them. The possibilities are endless.The Internet is a huge marketplace that is still virtually untapped. Do not waste another day worrying about how you are going to pay your creditors or provide for your family in the future. Start an Internet business today and see how your life can be changed for the better.Article Source: http://www.shop-on-sale.com Cher K Markov articles on various subjects and has a treasure chest of information and resources for you on affiliate marketing at onlinedownloads.wordpress.comNote: The content of this article solely conveys the opinion of its author, cher kRetargeting by ChangoDid You Like This Article? Share It With YourFriends!Please Rate this Article 5 out of 54 out of 53 out of 52 out of 51 out of 5 Not yet Rated Click the XML Icon to Receive Free Articles About Affiliate Programs What Cloth Diaper Provides The Top Match For Newborns?- By : Blackhawks jersey
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24 Jan 11 Oregon State Beavers vs Arizona State Sun Devils: ASU Looks for Tough Road Win

Jonathan Daniel/Getty ImagesThe Arizona State Sun Devils are looking to rebound off two mistake-ridden matchups against the No. 11 Wisconsin Badgers and the No. 5 Oregon Ducks in an away game against the always steady Oregon State Beavers.Both the Sun Devils and the Beavers have had a rough St. Louis Rams jersey
start to the 2010 season, but it is to be expected when you enter games as the clear underdog.Oregon State tallied losses against then-No. 6 TCU and No. 3 Boise State, but being able to acquire a win against Big East foe Louisville.The Sun Devils head to Corvallis as six-point underdogs as the Beavers open up their first Pac-10 game at home.Let's break down the offense and defense for both teams heading into Saturday's conference matchup.OffenseOregon State places 101st in the country for both passing and rushing, averaging 161 yards in the air and 109 yards on the ground.Starting quarterback Ryan Katz has only totaled 461 yards and five touchdowns through the first three games, with a season high 160 passing yards against Boise State. Katz has also yet to break the 57-percent completion rate that he put up against Louisville.Now to the "heart and sole" of the Beaver offensethe Rodgers brothers.Running back Jacquizz Rodgers has 253 rushing yards and four touchdowns on the season, with only one game in which he rushed for over 100 yards (132 versus Louisville).Wide receiver James Rodgers, who led the team in receptions last season, has brought in 113 yards and one touchdown through three games. James sustained a concussion against Boise State last week, and remains questionable for Saturday's game against the Sun Devils.Arizona State's offense has been exceptional, ranking fifth in the country for passing yards (326/game) and 47th in rushing yards (169/game).Quarterback Steven Threet has 1,228 passing yards through the first four games, including 387 yards against the nation's No. 5 team last week.Threet hasn't been totally perfect though, throwing seven interceptions through the first four gamesfour against Oregon to result in a loss.ASU running backs Cameron Marshall and Tennessee Titans jersey
Deantre Lewis have both been solid in recent games, adding a much needed ground attack to the high-octane offense. Lewis had back-to-back 100-plus rushing games against Wisconsin and Oregontwo teams that featured nation-leading defense heading into the contests.Who will win this conference showdown?Who will win this conference showdown?Arizona State60.3%Oregon State39.7%Total votes: 68The Sun Devil offense put up 597 total yards against No. 5 Oregon in Tempe, but mental mistakes in the red zone prohibited ASU from scoringa weakness that has shined in the past two games.EDGE: Arizona StateDefenseThe Oregon State defense has allowed 30 points or more in each of their first three games, and allowing an average of 392 total yards each game.After allowing 288 passing yards against Louisville and 294 yards in the air against Boise State, the Oregon State defense will likely have their hands full with the fast-paced, pass-oriented spread offense the Sun Devils have implemented.On the flip side, the Arizona State defense is as strong as ever coming off a week were they forced Oregon to punt a total of 11 times.The ASU defense cut the explosive Duck running game nearly in half, allowing them only 145 yards on the grounda feat no other team has accomplished this season.In fact, the Sun Devil defense was able to contain Heisman candidate LaMichael James to his first game this season under 100 rushing yards and 3.2 yards per carry, his lowest average of his career.EDGE: Arizona StateConclusionIn what should be Washington Redskins jersey
a close game, the Arizona State Sun Devils have an advantage on both sides of the ball heading into hostile territory.Both teams are in dyer need for a win in Week 5, but ASU should come out with a conference win, assuming the team limits mental mistakes and sloppy turnovers.